Which statement about Herzberg's two-factor theory is accurate?

• A. Herzberg's theory distinguishes hygiene factors and motivating factors.
• B. Herzberg's theory focuses on expectancy and reinforcement.
• C. Herzberg's theory describes Maslow's needs.
• D. Herzberg's theory is about operant conditioning.

Answer: (C)

Herzberg's two-factor theory identifies two distinct sets of workplace factors: hygiene factors and motivating factors. Hygiene factors are elements that can prevent dissatisfaction when present (like fair pay, good working conditions, and clear company policies). However, improving hygiene factors alone doesn’t create lasting motivation or high-quality performance; it mainly reduces dissatisfaction. Motivating factors, such as achievement, recognition, meaningful work, responsibility, and opportunities for growth, actively increase job satisfaction and motivation when present. This separation explains why simply fixing everything that makes employees unhappy isn’t enough to boost long-term motivation—you also need factors that genuinely drive people to excel.

Other ideas referenced in the choices come from different theories. Expectancy and reinforcement relate to expectancy theory and operant conditioning, Maslow’s needs refer to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, and operant conditioning is a learning approach focused on reinforcement. Herzberg’s theory is unique in its clear split between hygiene and motivating factors.